Glass sheet designed to be heat tempered

ABSTRACT

The subject of the invention is a glass sheet intended to be thermally toughened, the matrix of which is of the silica-soda-lime type, having an expansion coefficient α of greater than 100×10 −7  K −1 , a Young&#39;s modulus E of greater than 60 GPa and a thermal conductivity k of less than 0.9 W/m.K.

[0001] The invention relates to glass sheets intended to be thermally toughened and more precisely to glass sheets intended to be fitted into motor vehicles.

[0002] Although the invention is not limited to such applications, it will be more particularly described with reference to the production of thermally toughened thin glass sheets, i.e. those having a thickness of less than 2.5 mm. This is because motor-vehicle manufacturers are at the present time increasingly tending to wish to limit the weight corresponding to the glazing, while the glass area of the motor vehicles is increasing. A reduction in the thickness of the glass sheets is therefore needed in order to meet these new requirements.

[0003] With regard to the thermal toughening of these glass sheets, and more particularly in order to produce the side windowpanes of motor vehicles, the requirements of European Regulation No. 43, relating to the homologation of safety glazing and of the materials for glazing intended to be fitted into motor vehicles and their trailers, have to be met. According to this regulation, the constraints on toughening must be such that the glazing, in the event of it breaking, does so into a number of fragments which, over any 5×5 cm square, is neither less than 40 nor greater than 350 (the latter number being increased to 400 in the case of glazing having a thickness of less than or equal to 2.5 mm). Again according to these requirements, no fragment must be greater than 3.5 cm², except possibly in a strip 2 cm in width around the periphery of the glazing and within a 7.5 cm radius around the point of impact, and there must not be any elongate fragment of greater than 7.5 cm.

[0004] Conventional toughening plants, especially the devices for bending and toughening glass sheets, by making them run along a roller conveyor having a profile that is curved in the direction in which the glass sheets run, allow 3.2 mm thick glass sheets to be toughened according to European Regulation No. 43 completely satisfactorily.

[0005] The abovementioned techniques are known, especially from French Patents FR-B-2,242,219 and FR-B-2,549,465 and consist in making the glass sheets, heated in a horizontal furnace, run between two layers of rollers—or other rotating elements—arranged with a curvilinear profile and passing through a terminal toughening zone. In order to produce side windowpanes, sunroofs or other glazing articles, especially of cylindrical shape, the layers consist of, for example, right cylindrical rods arranged with a circular profile. The layers may also consist of elements giving the glazing a secondary curvature, such as conical elements or else those of the diabolo type or barrel type. This technique allows a very high production capacity since, on the one hand, the glass sheets do not have to be widely spaced, it being possible for one glass sheet to enter the forming zone without any problem while the treatment of the previous sheet has yet to be completed and, on the other hand, if the length of the rollers so allow, two or three glass sheets side by side may be treated simultaneously.

[0006] The running speed of the glass plates or sheets is at least 10 cm/s and is about 15 to 25 cm/s. The speed normally does not exceed 30 cm/s in order to allow sufficient toughening time.

[0007] When the thickness of the glass sheets decreases, and in order to meet the same toughening standards, the heat-exchange coefficient must be greatly increased. To do this, it is possible to increase the blowing power of the toughening devices. Such modifications entail, on the one hand, major investment and, on the other hand, higher operating costs. Moreover, the increase in the blowing power may impair the optical quality of the glass sheets and/or their flatness.

[0008] The inventors were thus tasked with the mission of producing glass sheets toughened according to European Regulation No. 43, having a thickness of less than 2.5 mm on standard toughening plants of the type described above.

[0009] Thus, the object of the invention is to provide a glass sheet intended to be thermally toughened, the intrinsic properties of which lead to results in the case of thicknesses of less than 2.5 mm but are equivalent to those usually obtained in the case of thicknesses of greater than 3 mm, with the same cooling devices.

[0010] This object is achieved by a glass sheet intended to be thermally toughened, the matrix of which is of the silica-soda-lime type and has an expansion coefficient α of greater than 100×10⁻⁷K⁻¹, a Young's modulus E of greater than 60 GPa and a thermal conductivity k of less than 0.9 W/m.K.

[0011] Such properties actually give the glass sheet the possibility of being thermally toughened according to European Regulation No. 43 when this sheet has a thickness of less than 2.5 mm.

[0012] According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the glass sheet has a Poisson's ratio of greater than 0.21.

[0013] The elastic modulus and the Poisson's ratio are determined by the following test: a glass test piece having the dimensions 100×10 mm² and a thickness of less than 6 mm is subjected to 4-point bending, the outer supports of which are separated by 90 mm and the inner supports by 30 mm. A strain gauge is adhesively bonded to the centre of the glass plate. The principal displacements (in the length of the plate and in its width) are calculated therefrom. The applied stress is calculated from the applied force. The relationships between stress and principal displacements allow the elastic modulus and the Poisson's ratio to be determined.

[0014] Also preferably, the specific heat of the glass sheet is greater than 740 J/kg.K.

[0015] According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention the glass sheet has a density of greater than 2520 kg/cm³ and preferably greater than 2550 kg/m³.

[0016] Again preferably, the glass sheet according to the invention satisfies the following relationship:

α.E/K>8000

[0017] The glass matrices of the glass sheets according to the invention are advantageously chosen from among matrices having, in percentages by weight, the following constitutes: SiO₂ 45-69%  Al₂O₃ 0-14% CaO 0-22% MgO 0-10% Na₂O 6-24% K₂O 0-10% BaO 0-12% B₂O₃ 0-6%  ZnO  0-10%.

[0018] The glass compositions proposed above have the advantage in particular of being able to be melted and converted into glass ribbon on float-type plants, at temperatures close to those adopted for the manufacture of conventional silica-soda-lime glass.

[0019] The compositions are actually chosen to have a temperature corresponding to the viscosity η, expressed in poise, such that log η=2 is less than 1500° C. in order to allow melting under standard conditions. Moreover, the compositions according to the invention have a sufficient difference between the forming temperature of the glass and its liquidus temperature; this is because, in the technology of float glass in particular, it is important for the liquidus temperature of the glass to remain equal to or less than the temperature corresponding to the viscosity, expressed in poise, such that log η=3.5. Advantageously, this difference is at least from 10° C. to 30° C.

[0020] The SiO₂ content must not exceed 69%; above this, the melting of the batch and the refining of the glass require high temperatures which cause the furnace refractories to undergo accelerated wear. Below 45%, the glasses according to the invention are insufficiently stable. Advantageously, the SiO₂ content is greater than 53%.

[0021] Alumina acts as a stabilizer; this oxide helps to increase the strain-point temperature. The Al₂O₃ content must not exceed 14%, or else melting becomes too difficult and the high-temperature viscosity of the glass increases unacceptably.

[0022] The glass compositions according to the invention may also include the oxide B₂O₃. In this case, the B₂O₃ content does not exceed 6% as, above this value, the volatilization of the boron in the presence of alkali metal oxides during production of the glass may become significant and lead to corrosion of the refractories. Furthermore, higher B₂O₃ contents impair the quality of the glass. When B₂O₃ is present in the glass composition with a content of greater than 4%, the Al₂O₃ content is advantageously greater than 10%.

[0023] The influence of the other oxides on the ability of the glasses according to the invention to be melted and floated on a metal bath, as well as on their properties, is as follows: the alkali metal oxides, and more particularly Na₂O and K₂O, make it possible to keep the melting point of the glasses according to the invention and their high-temperature viscosity within acceptable limits. To do this, the sum of the contents of these alkali metal oxides remains greater than 11% and preferably greater than 13%.

[0024] The alkaline-earth metal oxides introduced into the glasses according to the invention also have the effect of reducing the melting point, as well as the high-temperature viscosity of the glasses. The sum of the contents of these oxides is at most 6% and preferably greater than 8%. Above approximately 28%, the tendency of the glasses to devitrify may increase to levels incompatible with the process of floating them on a metal bath.

[0025] The glass compositions may furthermore contain colorants, especially for applications of the motor-vehicle window type; these may especially be oxides of iron, of chronium, of cobalt, of nickel, of selenium, etc.

[0026] According to a first embodiment of the invention, the glass sheet according to the invention is such that its matrix comprises, in percentages by weight, the abovementioned constitutes and satisfies the relationships: $\begin{matrix} {{{{Na}_{2}O} + {K_{2}O}} > {20\%}} \\ {{{{Na}_{2}O} + {K_{2}O} + {CaO}} > {27{\%.}}} \end{matrix}$

[0027] According to a second embodiment of the invention, the glass matrix satisfies the relationships: $\begin{matrix} {{{{Na}_{2}O} + {K_{2}O}} > {17\%}} \\ {{{{Na}_{2}O} + {K_{2}O} + {CaO}} > {35{\%.}}} \end{matrix}$

[0028] According to other embodiments according to the invention, the glass matrix satisfies the relationships: $\begin{matrix} {{{{Na}_{2}O} + {K_{2}O}} > {17\%}} \\ \begin{matrix} {{{{Na}_{2}O} + {K_{2}O} + {CaO}} > {29\%}} & {{{when}\quad {Na}_{2}O} > {18\%}} \\ \quad & {{{and}\text{/}{or}\quad K_{2}O} > {5\%}} \\ \quad & {{{and}\text{/}{or}\quad {Al}_{2}O_{3}} < {3{\%.}}} \end{matrix} \end{matrix}$

[0029] According to the latter embodiments and when the oxide TiO₂ is present in the matrix, the latter furthermore satisfies the relationship:

TiO₂+Al₂O₃<3%.

[0030] All the glass matrices described according to these various embodiments allow the production of glass sheets having a thickness of less than 2.5 mm and advantageously greater than 1.6 mm, which may be thermally toughened in accordance with European Regulation No. 43 on toughening devices originally intended for toughening glass with a thickness of 3.15 mm.

[0031] The advantages afforded by the glass compositions according to the invention will be better appreciated with the help of the examples presented below.

[0032] Various glass compositions in accordance with the invention were melted and converted into a glass ribbon according to the invention. There are 6 of these compositions (numbered from 1 to 6). The composition T is a control composition, corresponding to standard glass for motor-vehicle windows, which may be thermally toughened in accordance with European Regulation No. 43 when it is in the form of a glass sheet with a thickness of 3.15 mm.

[0033] These various compositions are given in the table below: TABLE 1 SiO₂ Al₂O₃ CaO MgO Na₂O K₂O BaO T 71.3 0.6 9.6 4.1 13.6 0.3 0 1 67.1 2.1 8.5 0.1 16.0 5.1 0.1 2 63.59 0.45 13.19 0.07 21.75 0.01 0 3 63.22 2.45 13.40 0.1 17.5 2.65 0 4 64.8 2.0 10.4 0.5 17.4 4.9 0 5 64.0 2.0 10.4 0.5 16.3 4.8 2 6 65.0 1.0 14.1 0 18.9 1.0 0

[0034] The various properties of the glasses indicated above are given in the following table: TABLE 2 T 1 2 3 4 5 6 Expansion coefficient 90 116 128 120 122 120 120 (10⁻⁷ K⁻¹) Young's modulus 70 68 70 70 68 68 69 (GPa) Thermal Conductivity 1 0.85 0.87 0.83 0.86 0.83 0.85 (W/m · K) Specific heat 855 852 872 857 857 843 861 (J/kg · K) Density 2580 2560 2660 2648 2626 2731 2670 (kg/m³) Poisson's ratio 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23

[0035] It has been demonstrated that these glasses can be melted and that they can be for the most part converted using the float process.

[0036] When testing these glass compositions, it is apparent that they can be melted under completely conventional conditions and even at temperatures well below those of the control composition T. These temperature differences make it possible to envisage a reduction in energy costs.

[0037] On the other hand, if it appears that the forming ranges, i.e. the differences between the temperature corresponding to a viscosity η, expressed in poise, such that log η=3.5 and the liquidus temperature, are narrower in the case of the compositions according to the invention; however, they are sufficient to guarantee good-quality forming.

[0038] It is also apparent that the initial toughening temperature is markedly lower in the case of the glasses according to the invention; this also leads to energy cost reductions and to less rapid wear of the furnaces.

[0039] The final table given below shows the thicknesses of the glass sheets which have been toughened in accordance with European Regulation No. 43. TABLE 3 T 1 2 3 4 5 6 Thickness (mm) 3.15 2.50 2.40 2.35 2.40 2.45 2.45

[0040] It is therefore clearly apparent that the glass sheets produced from the compositions according to the invention allow so-called “safety” thermal toughening for thicknesses of less than 2.5 mm using the standard devices which limit the said toughening to a thickness of 3.15 mm when the glass is of the composition T.

[0041] Moreover, the optical quality of the glass sheets according to the invention, having a thickness of less than 2.5 mm and thermally toughened, is quite comparable to that of glass sheets having a thickness of 3.15 mm produced from the control composition T. 

1. A glass sheet intended to be thermally toughened, comprising a silica-soda matrix, wherein said sheet has an expansion coefficient α of greater than 100×10⁻⁷ K⁻¹, a Young's modulus E of greater than 60 GPa and a thermal conductivity k of less than 0.9 W/m.K.
 2. The glass sheet of claim 1, wherein said sheet has a Poisson's ratio of greater than 0.21.
 3. The glass sheet of claim 2, wherein said sheet has a specific heat of greater than 7.40 J/kg.K.
 4. The glass sheet of claim 1, wherein said sheet has a specific heat of greater than 7.40 J/kg.K.
 5. The glass sheet of claim 1, wherein said sheet has a density of greater than 2520 kg/m³.
 6. The glass sheet of claim 1, wherein said sheet satisfies the relationship: α·E/K>8000.
 7. The glass sheet of claim 1, wherein said matrix comprises, in percentages by weight, the following constituents: SiO₂ 45-69%  Al₂O₃ 0-14% CaO 0-22% MgO 0-10% Na₂O 6-24% K₂O 0-10% BaO 0-12% B₂O₃ 0-6%  ZnO 0-10%

and satisfies the relationships: Na₂O+K₂O>20% Na₂O+K₂O+CaO>27%.
 8. The glass sheet of claim 1, wherein said matrix comprises, in percentages by weight, the following constituents: SiO₂ 45-69%  Al₂O₃ 0-14% CaO 0-22% MgO 0-10% Na₂O 6-24% K₂O 0-10% BaO 0-12% B₂O₃ 0-6%  ZnO 0-10%

and satisfies the relationships: Na₂O+K₂O>17% Na₂O+K₂O+CaO>35%.
 9. The glass sheet of claim 1, wherein said matrix comprises, in percentages by weight, at least one of Na₂O and K₂O in amounts which satisfy the following relationship: Na₂O+K₂O>17%.
 10. The glass sheet of claim 1, wherein said matrix comprises, in percentages by weight, the following constituents: SiO₂ 45-69%  Al₂O₃ 0-14% CaO 0-22% MgO 0-10% Na₂O 6-24% K₂O 0-10% BaO 0-12% B₂O₃ 0-6%  ZnO 0-10%

and satisfies the relationships: (a) Na₂O+K₂O>17%, and (b) Na₂O+K₂O+CaO>29% when at least one of Na₂O>18%, K₂O>5%, and Al₂O₃<3%.
 11. The glass sheet of claim 9, wherein said matrix comprises, in percentages by weight, at least one of TiO₂ and Al₂O₃ in amounts which satisfy the relationship: TiO₂+Al₂O₃<3%.
 12. The glass sheet of claim 1, wherein said matrix comprises, in percentages by weight, at least one of Na₂O, K₂O, CaO, and Al₂O₃ in amounts which satisfy the following relationships: (a) Na₂O+K₂O>17%, and (b) Na₂O+K₂O+CaO>29% when at least one of Na₂O>18%, K₂O>5%, and Al₂O₃<3%.
 13. The glass sheet according to claim 1, wherein said sheet has a thickness of less than 2.5 mm and is thermally toughened.
 14. The glass sheet of claim 1, wherein said matrix comprises Na₂O and optionally one or more of K₂O, CaO or Al₂O₃ in amounts which satisfy the following relationship: Na₂O+K₂O+CaO>29 wt % when at least one of Na₂O>18 wt %, K₂O>5 wt %, and Al₂O₃<3 wt %.
 15. The glass sheet of claim 1, wherein said matrix has a CaO content of 10.4 to 22 wt %.
 16. A glass sheet intended to be thermally toughened, comprising a silica-soda matrix, wherein said sheet has an expansion coefficient α of greater than 100×10⁻⁷ K⁻¹, a Young's modulus E of greater than 60 GPa and a thermal conductivity k of less than 0.9 W/m.K and said matrix has a SiO₂ content of 45 to 65 wt %, wherein said matrix comprises Na₂O and optionally K₂O in amounts which satisfy the following relationship: Na₂O+K₂O>20wt %.
 17. A glass composition comprising, in percentages by weight: SiO₂ 45-69%  Al₂O₃ 0-14% CaO 0-22% MgO 0-10% Na₂O 6-24% K₂O 0-10% BaO 0-12% B₂O₃ 0-6%  ZnO  0-10%,

wherein the glass has a viscosity η in poise, a forming temperature at which log η=3.5, and a liquidus temperature which is less than or equal to the forming temperature.
 18. The glass composition of claim 17, wherein the liquidus temperature is between 10° C. and 30° C. less than the forming temperature.
 19. The glass composition of claim 18, wherein the glass has an expansion coefficient of greater than 100×10⁻⁷ K⁻¹.
 20. The glass composition of claim 19, wherein the glass has a Young's modulus of greater than 60 GPa.
 21. The glass composition of claim 19, wherein the glass has a thermal conductivity of less than 0.9 W/m.K. 